So today I’ll try and tackle one of those big and messy issues. I do so because this was one of the questions on an exam I had recently (Solving world poverty
) and it got me thinking, this is the fruits of my research and formulation of opinion. This happens to be especially long, but I invite anyone to read any or all of it and respond accordingly, I’d like to have this position fleshed out well before I start throwing it about whenever the topic gets brought up.
Overview & Introduction-
First of all, can I say that I am of the opinion that though noble, charity organisations can often find themselves squandering money on pointless things, or things that only benefit the poor temporarily, or losing money to corruption (especially when it is simply given to a target poor nation). Also, I am of the opinion that though noble, the microfinancing organisations, Grameen bank being the key leader, it is essentially a for-profit organisation, and many families that take the microfinance option often find themselves in debt traps. The best example of this opinion I could find is perhaps Sudhirendar Sharma who takes this position here: http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2002/09/25/stories/2002092500810900.htm
He articulates well the troubles faced by the Grameen Banks clients.
On to the solution. Now, it may seem blatantly obvious, however, countries with the least poverty are actually ‘rich’ countries. Countries that have a high GDP (e.g. the United States), countries whose citizens are richest (e.g. Norway) and the like, are countries whose population are least suffering of poverty, and have the highest living standards alike. Following with this theory, countries that are poor (African nations, especially Zimbabwe) and Corrupt (Zimbabwe again serves as an ideal example) as well as lacking a free market (USSR until collapse, North Korea, etc) are the highest in poverty.
So why then have the main efforts to reduce world poverty been intrinsically tied to the grassroots of the perverse world. Charities, who provide on-the-ground relief, onl provide the poor with the food to survive, not the intellectual property to prosper, or the money to invest, and microfinance only consolidates the debt that the poor recieve.
Instead, the best option to tackle world poverty would be the elimination of corruption and the opening of free trade. Yes, the worlds poorest nations have a funny problem, most of them rely on the infamous, and heavilky protected agriculture industry. The only country I can think of which relies heavily on its agriculture and still made it to the first world is the rather uniquely positioned Australia, Perhaps you could also count the USA.
Elimination of Corruption-
When you ask people how to correctly establish a transparent, honest government into power, you will mostly get two groups. The Cold War dubbed these groups ‘Hawks’ and ‘Doves’, people who provide War as a solution, and people who provide peace as a solution.
The residual Hawks have dominated the US government since they claimed victory against the Doves for Reagans toughness policy collapsing the USSR, and the modern ‘Hawk’ is perhaps the Neo-Conservative, or at least the individual who supports either or both Afghanistan and Iraq wars. It is this plicy which attacks corruption with brutal force, followed up by the installation of a new government friendly to the army that installed it. Yet this policy has proven rather fallacious. We can see that forcefully installed governments lack popular support and often find themselves in dire straights. That is, if we look at Soviet Hungary, or Yugislavia for that matter, we can see unpopularly enforced regimes tumbling down thanks to the Hawk-like nature of their establishment.
So what’s wrong with Doves? Doves, unlike Hawks, advertise negotiation and the application of soft power in order to promote the goals of the nation the Dove supports. Doves brought about Nuclear Proliferation treaties, Doves brought about cease fires during wars, but when do Doves actually remove a corrupt government? Dove solutions make inroads, but eliminating world poverty does not require inroads, Dove solutions require concessions too, and making concessions to corrupt governments is not the best way to appear like the infallible good guy. If the North Korea experiment taught us anything, it was that concessions are not always adhered too, either.
So here is an idea. An idea neither dove nor Hawk, though arguably Hawkish in nature.
As history has proven, the most successful governments, the ones found most popular, most supported, and most likely to work for the good of the people, are the ones backed by the people. Albeit Marxist, the best solution for eliminating world corruption, is to let the corrupt governments topple when their people revolt. The astute United States President does not need to trample down the doors of Hussein’s fort while heroically yelling ‘I’ll save you!’, and nor does it need to timidly ask for the right to inspect the corrupt governments institutions or elections. When the people, the population within the borders of the corrupt government get sick of being stomped on, sick of the Orwellian style oppression, they will inevitably mass together and rebel. This is the chance for the USA, for the UN to act. Capitalise on the peoples movement and fund them, back them, even provide troop support for them (if they want it and only if) but there is absolutely no need to start the war for them. We can see how these revolutions work. The Georgian Rose Revolution, the East Timor rebellion, the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the establishment of the United States after civil war. All of them were inevitably successful thanks to the popular backing of the people, all were distinctly lacking in corruption (Though Georgia admittedly has its own significant problems). So why should we not adopt a strategy not of ‘Push the domino’ but ‘help it fall’.
Note though, that the most troublesome aspect of this policy is that ideology is a risk. When governments choose to back or counter a popular revolution for ideological reasons, trouble always ensues. The Nicaraguan Contras vs Sandinistas civil war is an ideal example of this. The ‘Contras’ which means ‘Counter’ in English I believe, committed as many atrocities as their popular opponents. So ideally, but it is probably well beyond any reasonable expectation, it would be the responsibility of the honest governments to support the popular movement, and not become the ideological warrior.
Further, casting ideology-based embargoes around like there is no tomorrow does not work either. Popular leaders Hugo Chavez and Fidel (now Raul) Castro have4 proven the resilience of popular governments, no matter how significant the economic pressure is. Thus, when adopting this strategy, the applicant must be patient, focussing punishment on unpopular governments only.
Post-Corruption-
After the despotic governments are removed, there is a significant development to acknowledge. When a new government is formed, they will always succeed if they are backed by the most powerful governments, no matter who surrounds them. Israel is the perfect example of this. So, every time a revolution is undertaken and succeeds, whatever the popular movement replaces the corrupt previous government with, reward them. Lift agricultural trade barriers, open them up to offers of forgetting debt, etc, and the new government will thrive. It’s proven to work. This leads to a richer country. A richer country, when not corrupt, as logically concluded earlier, is less in poverty.
Thus Free Trade arrives as the next step. We, as people, need to lift trade barriers to the new, non-corrupt nations with popular backing, thus allowing the new nation, or new government to thrive in its existence.
Conclusion-
Ultimately, I find this to be the best way to solve world poverty. Focussing on the core functions of soft and hard power and using them only in tandem with popular movements rather than either busting down doors, or timidly approaching the corrupt individuals, and opening up trade only after corruption is eliminated, rather than offering lowest-level support which does nothing, or offering them even greater albeit consolidated debt cycles.